What's wrong with my crop?

This advice comes from our crop guides and has not yet been checked against a package of practices. Before any spray, follow the label and check with your KVK.

Showing 134 of 134

• DiseaseWheat

  Yellow and brown rust

  Signs · Yellow powdery stripes on leaves in cool, humid January–February (yellow rust); scattered orange-brown powdery spots later in February–March (brown rust). Powder rubs off on your fingers.

  Manage · Grow resistant varieties and avoid excess nitrogen. Check the crop weekly from mid-December, especially near tree lines. At first appearance spray propiconazole 25 EC (0.1 %) or another recommended fungicide, as per label / your KVK.

  Wheat: full guide
• DiseaseWheat

  Loose smut

  Signs · At heading, the whole ear turns into black powder instead of grain; only a bare stalk remains after the powder blows away.

  Manage · Use treated certified seed. Pull out affected plants carefully in a cloth bag before the powder spreads and destroy them.

  Wheat: full guide
• DiseaseWheat

  Karnal bunt

  Signs · Some grains are partly black and give a rotten-fish smell when crushed. Seen after harvest.

  Manage · Grow tolerant varieties, avoid heavy irrigation at ear emergence in humid weather and do not use infected grain as seed. A recommended fungicide at ear emergence helps in risky areas, as per label / your KVK.

  Wheat: full guide
• PestWheat

  Termites (deemak)

  Signs · Plants dry up in patches and pull out easily; roots and lower stem are eaten. Worse in light, dry soils.

  Manage · Use only well-rotted manure, keep irrigation timely and treat seed in termite-prone fields. Standing-crop treatment only on KVK advice, as per label / your KVK.

  Wheat: full guide
• PestWheat

  Aphids (chepa / tela)

  Signs · Clusters of tiny green insects on leaves and ears from January to March; sticky honeydew and sooty black growth.

  Manage · Ladybird beetles usually control them — don't spray early. Spray only if numbers cross about 5 aphids per ear, with a recommended insecticide such as imidacloprid or thiamethoxam, as per label / your KVK.

  Wheat: full guide
• DisorderWheat

  Manganese deficiency

  Signs · On sandy soils after rice, middle leaves show grey-pink to pale streaks between veins and plants look weak, usually before the first irrigation.

  Manage · Spray manganese sulphate solution as advised by your KVK, repeating at weekly intervals on sunny days. Grow wheat on such fields with a pre-sowing irrigation and timely sowing.

  Wheat: full guide
• DisorderWheat

  Terminal heat and lodging

  Signs · Late-sown crops face heat above 30 °C in March: grains stay small and shrivelled. Heavy, over-fertilised crops fall flat (lodge) after wind and irrigation.

  Manage · Sow on time, use the right variety, give a light irrigation if a heat wave comes during grain filling, avoid excess nitrogen and don't irrigate on windy days.

  Wheat: full guide
• DiseaseBarley

  Yellow rust

  Signs · Yellow powdery stripes on leaves in cool, humid weather from January.

  Manage · Grow resistant varieties. At first appearance spray propiconazole or another recommended fungicide, as per label / your KVK.

  Barley: full guide
• DiseaseBarley

  Stripe disease

  Signs · Long yellow then brown stripes along leaves; leaves split and plants stay stunted with poor ears. Spread through seed.

  Manage · Use treated, certified seed and pull out early affected plants.

  Barley: full guide
• DiseaseBarley

  Covered and loose smut

  Signs · Ears filled with black spore masses — held inside a membrane in covered smut, blown away as loose powder in loose smut.

  Manage · Seed treatment with a systemic fungicide; remove smutted ears in a bag before they burst.

  Barley: full guide
• DiseaseBarley

  Leaf blight / net blotch

  Signs · Brown spots or net-like brown patterns on leaves that join and dry the leaf, mostly in humid spells.

  Manage · Use resistant varieties and clean seed; spray a recommended fungicide such as propiconazole if it spreads fast, as per label / your KVK.

  Barley: full guide
• PestBarley

  Aphids

  Signs · Green aphid colonies on leaves and ears in January–March with sticky honeydew.

  Manage · Natural enemies usually manage them. Spray a recommended insecticide only if colonies are heavy on the ears, as per label / your KVK.

  Barley: full guide
• PestBarley

  Termites

  Signs · Plants dry in patches in light soils and pull out easily with eaten roots.

  Manage · Use rotted manure only, irrigate on time and treat seed in termite-prone fields.

  Barley: full guide
• PestOats

  Aphids

  Signs · Colonies of small green insects on leaves; leaves curl and turn yellow.

  Manage · Ladybird beetles usually manage them. Avoid chemical sprays on a fodder crop close to cutting; if needed use only a recommended product with its waiting period, as per label / your KVK.

  Oats: full guide
• DiseaseOats

  Leaf blight

  Signs · Brown spots and streaks on leaves that later dry from the tips.

  Manage · Use healthy treated seed and resistant varieties; cut the fodder a little early if blight spreads.

  Oats: full guide
• DiseaseOats

  Crown rust

  Signs · Orange powdery spots on leaves late in the season.

  Manage · Grow tolerant varieties and harvest fodder on time.

  Oats: full guide
• PestOats

  Termites

  Signs · Plants dry in patches on light soils.

  Manage · Use rotted manure only and irrigate on time.

  Oats: full guide
• DisorderOats

  Poor regrowth after cutting

  Signs · Few new shoots appear after the first cut.

  Manage · Cut 8–10 cm above the ground (not at ground level) and give nitrogen and irrigation right after cutting.

  Oats: full guide
• DisorderOats

  Lodging

  Signs · Tall, heavy crop falls flat, especially in the seed crop after wind or irrigation.

  Manage · Avoid excess nitrogen in seed crops and don't irrigate on windy days.

  Oats: full guide
• PestChickpea

  Pod borer (Helicoverpa / sundi)

  Signs · Green or brown caterpillars eat leaves and bore round holes in pods, eating the seed inside.

  Manage · Install pheromone traps and bird perches (T-shaped sticks) in the field. Spray HaNPV or a recommended insecticide such as emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb when you find about one larva per metre of row, as per label / your KVK.

  Chickpea: full guide
• DiseaseChickpea

  Wilt (ukhera)

  Signs · Plants droop, turn yellow and dry up in patches; the inside of the root shows dark discolouration.

  Manage · Grow wilt-tolerant varieties, treat seed with fungicide and Trichoderma, avoid very early sowing in hot soil and rotate with cereals.

  Chickpea: full guide
• DiseaseChickpea

  Grey mould (Botrytis)

  Signs · In cloudy, humid weather at flowering, flowers and pods rot under a grey fuzzy growth.

  Manage · Use wider rows, avoid excess irrigation and dense growth. Spray a recommended fungicide when the weather turns humid, as per label / your KVK.

  Chickpea: full guide
• DiseaseChickpea

  Ascochyta blight

  Signs · Brown spots with dark rings on leaves, stems and pods; stems break. Common in sub-mountain Punjab and Haryana in wet winters.

  Manage · Use resistant varieties and healthy treated seed; remove infected crop residue. Spray a recommended fungicide at first sign, as per label / your KVK.

  Chickpea: full guide
• PestChickpea

  Cutworm

  Signs · Young plants are cut at ground level at night.

  Manage · Plough deep in summer and keep field bunds clean; treat only patches where damage starts, as per label / your KVK.

  Chickpea: full guide
• DisorderChickpea

  Excess vegetative growth

  Signs · On rich, well-irrigated soils plants become tall and leafy with few pods.

  Manage · Avoid extra nitrogen and heavy irrigation. Nip the top buds at 30–40 days to encourage branching.

  Chickpea: full guide
• DiseaseLentil

  Wilt

  Signs · Plants turn yellow, droop and dry in patches; roots look brown inside.

  Manage · Grow tolerant varieties, treat seed with fungicide and Trichoderma, avoid early sowing in warm soil and rotate crops.

  Lentil: full guide
• DiseaseLentil

  Rust

  Signs · Yellow-orange then dark brown powdery spots on leaves and stems in January–February; plants dry early.

  Manage · Grow resistant varieties such as IPL 316. Spray a recommended fungicide like mancozeb at first sign, as per label / your KVK.

  Lentil: full guide
• DiseaseLentil

  Stemphylium blight

  Signs · Small brown spots on leaflets that spread quickly in humid weather; leaves fall and plants look burnt. Common in Bihar.

  Manage · Timely sowing, balanced fertiliser and a recommended fungicide when it first appears, as per label / your KVK.

  Lentil: full guide
• PestLentil

  Aphids

  Signs · Colonies on shoot tips and pods; tips curl and dry.

  Manage · Natural enemies usually control them; spray a recommended insecticide only if colonies are heavy, as per label / your KVK.

  Lentil: full guide
• PestLentil

  Pod borer

  Signs · Caterpillars bore into pods and eat the seeds.

  Manage · Pheromone traps and bird perches; spray a recommended insecticide only when the pest is above the threshold, as per label / your KVK.

  Lentil: full guide
• DisorderLentil

  Waterlogging damage

  Signs · After heavy rain or irrigation, plants yellow and die in low spots.

  Manage · Level the field, make drainage channels and irrigate lightly.

  Lentil: full guide
• DiseasePea

  Powdery mildew

  Signs · White powdery coating on leaves, stems and pods from January, especially in late-sown crops.

  Manage · Sow on time and grow resistant varieties. Spray wettable sulphur or another recommended fungicide at first sign, as per label / your KVK.

  Pea: full guide
• DiseasePea

  Rust

  Signs · Yellow-orange powdery spots on leaves and stems late in the season.

  Manage · Grow tolerant varieties; spray a recommended fungicide at first sign, as per label / your KVK.

  Pea: full guide
• PestPea

  Pea stem fly

  Signs · In early-sown crops, young plants turn yellow and wilt; maggots tunnel inside the stem.

  Manage · Avoid very early sowing; use a recommended insecticide at sowing in problem areas, as per label / your KVK.

  Pea: full guide
• PestPea

  Leaf miner

  Signs · White zigzag tunnels on leaves; heavy attack dries leaves.

  Manage · Remove badly mined lower leaves; spray a recommended insecticide only if attack is severe, as per label / your KVK.

  Pea: full guide
• PestPea

  Pod borer

  Signs · Caterpillars bore into pods and eat seeds.

  Manage · Pheromone traps and regular picking of green pods; spray a recommended insecticide with a short waiting period only if needed, as per label / your KVK.

  Pea: full guide
• DiseasePea

  Wilt and root rot

  Signs · Plants turn yellow and wilt; roots rot, especially in early sowing in warm, wet soil.

  Manage · Seed treatment, timely sowing, good drainage and crop rotation.

  Pea: full guide
• DisorderPea

  Frost injury

  Signs · Flowers and young pods turn black and drop after frosty nights.

  Manage · Give a light irrigation when frost is forecast; smoke along field edges at night helps.

  Pea: full guide
• PestMustard

  Mustard aphid (mahu, chepa)

  Signs · Thick colonies of small grey-green insects on flower tops and pods; shoots curl, pods stay small, sticky honeydew.

  Manage · Sow before 25 October so the crop escapes the peak. Break off badly infested tops early. Spray only when about a tenth of plants carry colonies; imidacloprid or thiamethoxam as per label / your KVK. Spray in the afternoon to spare bees.

  Mustard: full guide
• PestMustard

  Painted bug and sawfly

  Signs · Seedlings wilt and dry in patches (painted bug); leaves eaten into holes by dark green caterpillars (sawfly) in the first month.

  Manage · First irrigation at 3–4 weeks washes out painted bug. Shake and hand-pick sawfly larvae in the morning; spray only if damage is heavy, as per label / your KVK.

  Mustard: full guide
• DiseaseMustard

  White rust

  Signs · White raised blisters under the leaves; flower stalks swell and twist into a 'stag head'.

  Manage · Seed treatment with metalaxyl. Grow tolerant varieties. At first blisters spray metalaxyl + mancozeb, as per label / your KVK.

  Mustard: full guide
• DiseaseMustard

  Alternaria blight

  Signs · Dark brown round spots with rings on leaves, later on stems and pods; pods shrivel.

  Manage · Timely sowing and balanced fertiliser. Spray mancozeb at first spots (about 45–50 days) and repeat after 15 days if weather stays humid, as per label / your KVK.

  Mustard: full guide
• DiseaseMustard

  Sclerotinia stem rot

  Signs · White cotton-like growth on the stem near the base; stem bleaches and breaks, black seed-like bodies inside.

  Manage · Rotate with wheat or barley, avoid heavy irrigation and very thick stands, collect and burn infected plants. Fungicide spray only on KVK advice.

  Mustard: full guide
• DisorderMustard

  Frost injury

  Signs · After a very cold night flowers and young pods turn white and drop; seeds remain shrivelled.

  Manage · Light irrigation when frost is forecast; smoke along the windward side of the field at night.

  Mustard: full guide
• PestLinseed

  Bud fly (kali makkhi)

  Signs · Tiny maggots inside flower buds; buds dry up and never form capsules.

  Manage · Timely sowing (by early November), tolerant varieties, and a spray at bud stage only if your KVK advises, as per label.

  Linseed: full guide
• DiseaseLinseed

  Rust

  Signs · Bright orange powdery pustules on leaves and stems, later turning black.

  Manage · Grow resistant varieties and remove volunteer plants; fungicide spray at first pustules as per label / your KVK.

  Linseed: full guide
• DiseaseLinseed

  Powdery mildew

  Signs · White powdery coating on leaves late in the season.

  Manage · Spray wettable sulphur at first appearance, as per label / your KVK.

  Linseed: full guide
• DiseaseLinseed

  Wilt

  Signs · Plants droop, yellow and dry, often in patches; roots look brown.

  Manage · Seed treatment, crop rotation of 3–4 years and summer ploughing.

  Linseed: full guide
• DiseaseLinseed

  Alternaria blight

  Signs · Dark spots on leaves; flower buds and capsules blacken.

  Manage · Clean seed and seed treatment; mancozeb spray at first spots, as per label / your KVK.

  Linseed: full guide
• DisorderLinseed

  Frost injury

  Signs · Flowers and young capsules turn white and drop after a frosty night.

  Manage · Light irrigation before frost; smoke on the windward side at night.

  Linseed: full guide
• PestSunflower

  Head borer (Helicoverpa)

  Signs · Green-brown caterpillars bore into the back and face of the head; holes and droppings.

  Manage · Hand-pick larvae; bird perches; spray as per label / your KVK when larvae are seen on heads.

  Sunflower: full guide
• PestSunflower

  Jassid (leafhopper)

  Signs · Leaf edges turn yellow, then brown, and curl downward.

  Manage · Spray only when damage spreads, as per label / your KVK.

  Sunflower: full guide
• PestSunflower

  Birds (parrots)

  Signs · Seeds picked out of maturing heads, especially along field borders.

  Manage · Scare birds in the morning and evening during seed filling; sow in a block with neighbours rather than a small isolated plot.

  Sunflower: full guide
• DiseaseSunflower

  Alternaria leaf blight

  Signs · Dark brown spots with yellow halos on leaves, stems and the back of the head.

  Manage · Seed treatment; mancozeb spray at first spots, as per label / your KVK.

  Sunflower: full guide
• DiseaseSunflower

  Head rot

  Signs · Soft, brown, water-soaked patches on the back of the head after injury and rain.

  Manage · Control head borer (wounds let rot in); avoid overhead irrigation; remove rotten heads.

  Sunflower: full guide
• DisorderSunflower

  Poor seed set in the centre

  Signs · Centre of the head stays empty or with chaffy seeds.

  Manage · Keep 2–5 bee boxes per hectare, borax spray at ray-floret opening, and never stress the crop at flowering. Gently rub heads together with a cloth in the morning if bees are few.

  Sunflower: full guide
• DiseasePotato

  Late blight

  Signs · Water-soaked dark brown patches on leaves with white mould underneath, in cool, foggy, humid weather (December–January). A whole field can collapse within days; tubers get a reddish-brown rot.

  Manage · Plant healthy seed and tolerant varieties such as Kufri Badshah. When foggy weather sets in, spray mancozeb 0.2% (2 g per litre) as a preventive. Once spots appear, spray cymoxanil + mancozeb or dimethomorph + mancozeb and repeat every 7–10 days — as per label / your KVK.

  Potato: full guide
• DiseasePotato

  Early blight

  Signs · Dark brown spots with rings like a target board, first on older lower leaves.

  Manage · Give balanced fertiliser — weak, hungry plants get it first. Remove infected crop debris and rotate crops. Spray mancozeb when spots appear — as per label / your KVK.

  Potato: full guide
• PestPotato

  Aphids and viruses

  Signs · Small green insects under the leaves suck sap and spread viruses. Infected plants show mosaic, curled or rolled leaves and give small tubers — a big problem for seed crops.

  Manage · Plant early so tubers form before aphids build up. Pull out virus-looking plants early. For a seed crop, cut haulms when aphids cross about 20 per 100 leaves (seed plot technique). If needed, spray imidacloprid — as per label / your KVK.

  Potato: full guide
• PestPotato

  Cutworm

  Signs · Young stems cut at soil level overnight; grey caterpillars curled up in the soil near damaged plants.

  Manage · Plough deep in summer to expose pupae. Hand-pick caterpillars in the evening. Irrigate the field. Use soil treatment only on advice — as per label / your KVK.

  Potato: full guide
• DisorderPotato

  Frost

  Signs · After a clear, still, very cold night in late December–January, leaves turn black and wilt by morning.

  Manage · Give a light irrigation when frost is forecast and make smoke on the windward side of the field at night.

  Potato: full guide
• DisorderPotato

  Greening of tubers

  Signs · Tubers pushed out of the ridge turn green in sunlight. Green parts are bitter and harmful to eat (solanine).

  Manage · Earth up properly and keep tubers covered with soil. Store tubers in the dark.

  Potato: full guide
• DiseasePotato

  Black scurf and common scab

  Signs · Black, dirt-like specks that do not wash off (black scurf) or rough, corky spots (scab) on the tuber skin.

  Manage · Use clean seed, dip seed in 3% boric acid before planting, rotate potato with cereals and keep the soil moist at tuber initiation.

  Potato: full guide
• PestOnion

  Thrips

  Signs · Tiny insects hide between leaves and scrape them, leaving silvery-white streaks. Leaf tips twist and dry. Worst in warm, dry weather from February to April.

  Manage · Grow two rows of maize or wheat around the field as a barrier and put up blue sticky traps. If numbers are high, spray an insecticide such as fipronil — as per label / your KVK.

  Onion: full guide
• DiseaseOnion

  Purple blotch

  Signs · Small white sunken spots that turn purple with a yellow border; leaves bend and collapse. Spreads after rain and in humid weather.

  Manage · Rotate crops and remove old onion debris. Spray mancozeb with a sticker every 10–15 days once spots appear — as per label / your KVK.

  Onion: full guide
• DiseaseOnion

  Stemphylium blight

  Signs · Yellow to orange streaks on one side of the leaf that turn brown; leaf tips dry back.

  Manage · Balanced fertiliser, good drainage and the same sprays as for purple blotch — as per label / your KVK.

  Onion: full guide
• DiseaseOnion

  Damping-off

  Signs · In the nursery, seedlings rot at soil level and fall over in patches.

  Manage · Use raised beds and treated seed, sow thinly and avoid overwatering. Drench with Trichoderma or a fungicide — as per label / your KVK.

  Onion: full guide
• DisorderOnion

  Bolting

  Signs · A flower stalk shoots up before the bulb forms; bulbs stay small with a hard, hollow neck and do not store.

  Manage · Use the right variety and sowing time, and transplant 6–8-week-old seedlings — not older ones. Snap off flower stalks as soon as they appear.

  Onion: full guide
• DisorderOnion

  Split and double bulbs

  Signs · One plant forms two or more bulbs inside a common skin.

  Manage · Keep irrigation regular, avoid excess nitrogen and do not transplant overage seedlings.

  Onion: full guide
• PestGarlic

  Thrips

  Signs · Silvery-white streaks on leaves, leaf tips twist and dry; worse in warm, dry spells of February–March.

  Manage · Barrier rows of maize or wheat and blue sticky traps. Spray only if numbers are high — as per label / your KVK.

  Garlic: full guide
• DiseaseGarlic

  Purple blotch and Stemphylium blight

  Signs · Purple spots with yellow borders or yellow-brown streaks on leaves; leaves dry from the tip.

  Manage · Rotate crops, remove debris and spray mancozeb with a sticker when spots appear — as per label / your KVK.

  Garlic: full guide
• DiseaseGarlic

  White rot / basal rot

  Signs · Leaves yellow from the tip, roots rot, and white fungus grows on the base of the bulb.

  Manage · Plant healthy cloves, avoid waterlogging, apply Trichoderma with FYM and keep garlic and onion off that field for 3–4 years.

  Garlic: full guide
• DisorderGarlic

  Secondary growth (split bulbs)

  Signs · Cloves sprout into extra shoots in the field and bulbs split open.

  Manage · Avoid excess and late nitrogen, and keep irrigation regular.

  Garlic: full guide
• DisorderGarlic

  Small or single-clove bulbs

  Signs · Bulbs stay small or form one round clove instead of many.

  Manage · Plant on time and use large outer cloves; late planting and small cloves are the usual causes.

  Garlic: full guide
• PestCauliflower

  Diamondback moth

  Signs · Small, pale-green caterpillars feed under the leaves, leaving papery 'windows' and holes; they wriggle and drop on a thread when touched.

  Manage · Grow 2 rows of mustard after every 25 rows as a trap crop and put up pheromone traps. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or 5% neem seed kernel extract early. If damage is heavy, use spinosad or chlorantraniliprole — as per label / your KVK.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• PestCauliflower

  Aphids

  Signs · Colonies of tiny grey-green insects on leaves and inside the curd from December; leaves curl and turn sticky.

  Manage · Use yellow sticky traps and spray neem oil at the first colonies. If they spread, spray imidacloprid or thiamethoxam — as per label / your KVK — and respect the waiting period before harvest.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• DiseaseCauliflower

  Black rot

  Signs · V-shaped yellow patches starting at leaf edges, with blackened veins; plants stay stunted.

  Manage · Hot-water treat the seed, keep a 2–3 year gap between cabbage-family crops and remove infected leaves. Copper oxychloride with streptocycline can slow its spread — as per label / your KVK.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• DiseaseCauliflower

  Alternaria leaf spot

  Signs · Round brown spots with rings like a target on leaves; dark spots on the curd in humid weather.

  Manage · Use clean seed and rotate crops. At the first spots spray mancozeb at 2.5 g per litre, repeating after 10–15 days — as per label / your KVK.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• DisorderCauliflower

  Buttoning

  Signs · Plants stay small and form a tiny, early curd the size of a button.

  Manage · Plant the right group in the right month, transplant seedlings no older than 6 weeks, and do not let the crop go short of nitrogen or water.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• DisorderCauliflower

  Browning (boron deficiency)

  Signs · Brown, water-soaked patches on the curd, a hollow stem and bitter taste.

  Manage · Mix borax into the soil before transplanting where it has happened before; on light soils your KVK may advise a borax spray.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• DisorderCauliflower

  Riceyness

  Signs · The curd surface turns velvety and grainy as the flower buds start to grow.

  Manage · Caused by warm spells at curd formation, too much nitrogen or late harvest. Choose the right variety for the month and cut curds on time.

  Cauliflower: full guide
• PestCabbage

  Diamondback moth

  Signs · Small green caterpillars make windows and holes in leaves and bore into the head.

  Manage · Mustard trap crop (2 rows after every 25 rows), pheromone traps and Bt or neem seed kernel extract sprays. For heavy attacks, spinosad or chlorantraniliprole — as per label / your KVK.

  Cabbage: full guide
• PestCabbage

  Cabbage butterfly

  Signs · Clusters of yellow eggs under leaves; groups of hairy yellow-green caterpillars strip leaves to the veins (December–March).

  Manage · Pick off egg clusters and young caterpillar groups by hand. Spray Bt or neem early; use a recommended insecticide only if needed — as per label / your KVK.

  Cabbage: full guide
• PestCabbage

  Aphids

  Signs · Grey-green insects in colonies on leaves and between head leaves; sticky, curled leaves.

  Manage · Yellow sticky traps and neem oil first; imidacloprid or thiamethoxam if colonies spread — as per label / your KVK, with the waiting period.

  Cabbage: full guide
• DiseaseCabbage

  Black rot

  Signs · V-shaped yellow patches from leaf edges with black veins; heads rot.

  Manage · Hot-water treat seed, grow resistant Pusa Mukta, rotate away from cabbage-family crops for 2–3 years and remove sick plants.

  Cabbage: full guide
• DiseaseCabbage

  Alternaria leaf spot

  Signs · Brown spots with target-like rings on outer leaves.

  Manage · Clean seed and rotation; spray mancozeb at 2.5 g per litre at first spots — as per label / your KVK.

  Cabbage: full guide
• DiseaseCabbage

  Damping-off

  Signs · Nursery seedlings rot at the soil line and fall over in patches.

  Manage · Raised beds, thin sowing, treated seed, light watering and a Trichoderma or captan drench.

  Cabbage: full guide
• DisorderCabbage

  Head splitting

  Signs · Mature heads crack open, often after rain or a heavy irrigation.

  Manage · Water evenly and harvest on time. If you must delay, twist the plant or cut roots on one side with a spade to slow water uptake.

  Cabbage: full guide
• PestCarrot

  Aphids

  Signs · Small green insects on young leaves in January–February; leaves curl and yellow.

  Manage · Spray neem oil at the first colonies; use imidacloprid only if they spread — as per label / your KVK, respecting the waiting period.

  Carrot: full guide
• PestCarrot

  Root-knot nematode

  Signs · Small knots (galls) on roots, hairy or forked carrots, stunted plants.

  Manage · Deep summer ploughing, rotation with wheat or marigold, and neem cake in the soil. Do not grow carrot in the same field year after year.

  Carrot: full guide
• DiseaseCarrot

  Leaf blight (Alternaria)

  Signs · Dark brown spots on leaf edges that join up; leaves dry from the tips.

  Manage · Clean seed and rotation. Spray mancozeb at 2.5 g per litre at first spots — as per label / your KVK.

  Carrot: full guide
• DiseaseCarrot

  Powdery mildew

  Signs · White powdery coating on leaves, mostly in February–March.

  Manage · Avoid late sowing; spray wettable sulphur if it spreads — as per label / your KVK.

  Carrot: full guide
• DisorderCarrot

  Forked roots

  Signs · Roots split into two or more legs.

  Manage · Loose, stone-free soil, no fresh manure, control nematodes and thin plants on time.

  Carrot: full guide
• DisorderCarrot

  Root cracking

  Signs · Long splits along the root.

  Manage · Irrigate evenly, harvest on time and correct boron shortage.

  Carrot: full guide
• DisorderCarrot

  Green shoulders

  Signs · The top of the root turns green where it pokes out of the soil.

  Manage · Earth up the ridges so the shoulders stay covered.

  Carrot: full guide
• PestRadish

  Mustard sawfly

  Signs · Dark grey-black caterpillars eat young leaves full of holes in October–November.

  Manage · Irrigate early — larvae drown or drop off. Shake plants and hand-pick. Spray only if damage is heavy — as per label / your KVK.

  Radish: full guide
• PestRadish

  Aphids

  Signs · Grey-green insects in colonies on leaves from December; leaves curl.

  Manage · Neem oil at the first colonies; recommended insecticide only if they spread — as per label / your KVK.

  Radish: full guide
• DiseaseRadish

  Alternaria blight

  Signs · Brown, ringed spots on leaves that dry the foliage.

  Manage · Rotation and clean seed. Mancozeb at 2.5 g per litre at first spots — as per label / your KVK.

  Radish: full guide
• DiseaseRadish

  White rust

  Signs · White blister-like pustules under the leaves, mostly in seed crops.

  Manage · Remove infected plants and rotate. Metalaxyl with mancozeb if it spreads — as per label / your KVK.

  Radish: full guide
• DisorderRadish

  Pithiness

  Signs · Roots turn spongy and hollow inside, light in the hand.

  Manage · Pull on time, keep soil moist and grow slow-pithing varieties like Japanese White for later harvests.

  Radish: full guide
• DisorderRadish

  Forking and cracking

  Signs · Split or branched roots.

  Manage · Loose soil without clods, no fresh manure, even irrigation and timely thinning.

  Radish: full guide
• PestSpinach

  Aphids

  Signs · Tiny insects under leaves; leaves curl and turn sticky.

  Manage · Spray neem oil or a strong water jet. Leaves are eaten fresh — avoid chemical sprays close to cutting and always follow the waiting period.

  Spinach: full guide
• PestSpinach

  Leaf-eating caterpillars

  Signs · Irregular holes and eaten leaf edges; caterpillars hide under leaves.

  Manage · Hand-pick, spray Bt or neem. Use an insecticide only if severe — as per label / your KVK, never just before cutting.

  Spinach: full guide
• DiseaseSpinach

  Cercospora leaf spot

  Signs · Small round spots with grey centres and reddish-purple edges.

  Manage · Use clean seed, avoid overhead watering and remove spotted leaves. Carbendazim if it spreads — as per label / your KVK.

  Spinach: full guide
• DiseaseSpinach

  Damping-off and root rot

  Signs · Seedlings or young plants wilt and rot at the soil line.

  Manage · Treated seed, good drainage and no over-watering.

  Spinach: full guide
• DisorderSpinach

  Bolting

  Signs · A flower stalk shoots up and leaves turn small and tough.

  Manage · Sow on time, choose slow-bolting varieties and keep cutting regularly.

  Spinach: full guide
• DisorderSpinach

  Pale, yellow leaves

  Signs · New leaves come up light green or yellow after a few cuttings.

  Manage · The crop is short of nitrogen — top-dress after every cutting and irrigate.

  Spinach: full guide
• DiseaseTomato

  Leaf curl virus

  Signs · Leaves curl upward, stay small and yellowish; plants become bushy and stunted and give very few fruits. Spread by whitefly.

  Manage · Raise the nursery under insect-proof net, grow resistant varieties such as Kashi Aman, put up yellow sticky traps and uproot infected plants early. Control whitefly — as per label / your KVK.

  Tomato: full guide
• PestTomato

  Fruit borer

  Signs · Round holes in green fruits with a caterpillar half inside; damaged fruits rot.

  Manage · Plant one row of marigold after every 16 rows of tomato as a trap crop, use pheromone traps, pick and destroy damaged fruits, and spray HaNPV or Bt. Use chemicals only if needed — as per label / your KVK.

  Tomato: full guide
• DiseaseTomato

  Early blight

  Signs · Brown spots with concentric rings on older leaves; dark sunken spots near the fruit stalk.

  Manage · Remove lower infected leaves, rotate crops and spray mancozeb when spots appear — as per label / your KVK.

  Tomato: full guide
• DiseaseTomato

  Late blight

  Signs · Greasy dark patches on leaves with white mould underneath in cool foggy weather; fruits get firm brown rot.

  Manage · Spray mancozeb as a preventive when fog sets in and cymoxanil + mancozeb after the disease appears — as per label / your KVK. Do not plant next to potato.

  Tomato: full guide
• DiseaseTomato

  Damping-off

  Signs · Nursery seedlings rot at soil level and fall over.

  Manage · Raised beds, treated seed, thin sowing and no overwatering; drench with Trichoderma.

  Tomato: full guide
• DisorderTomato

  Frost

  Signs · Leaves and young fruits turn black after clear, still, very cold nights in December–January.

  Manage · Light irrigation and smoke on frost nights; cover young plants. In frost-prone areas, grow the spring crop instead.

  Tomato: full guide
• DisorderTomato

  Blossom-end rot and fruit cracking

  Signs · A black sunken patch at the bottom of the fruit, or cracks around the top.

  Manage · Water evenly, mulch, and spray calcium if needed.

  Tomato: full guide
• DiseaseCoriander

  Stem gall

  Signs · Swellings (galls) on stems, leaf stalks and flower stalks; seeds become deformed.

  Manage · Grow resistant RCr 41, use clean treated seed, rotate crops. Fungicide spray on KVK advice, as per label.

  Coriander: full guide
• DiseaseCoriander

  Powdery mildew

  Signs · White powder on leaves and umbels in late winter; seeds stay small.

  Manage · Spray wettable sulphur at first appearance, as per label / your KVK.

  Coriander: full guide
• DiseaseCoriander

  Wilt

  Signs · Plants droop, turn yellow and dry; roots look brown inside.

  Manage · Seed treatment, crop rotation, avoid waterlogging and very early sowing in warm soil.

  Coriander: full guide
• PestCoriander

  Aphid

  Signs · Small insects on tender shoots and umbels at flowering; umbels shrivel.

  Manage · Encourage ladybird beetles; spray neem oil or an insecticide as per label / your KVK, in the afternoon to spare bees.

  Coriander: full guide
• DisorderCoriander

  Frost injury

  Signs · Flowers and young seeds turn dark and drop after a frosty night.

  Manage · Light irrigation and smoke on frosty nights.

  Coriander: full guide
• DiseaseCumin

  Wilt (ukhtha)

  Signs · Young plants droop and dry, often in patches; roots turn brown.

  Manage · Never sow in a field with past wilt; 3-year rotation, resistant GC 4 / RZ 223, seed treatment and summer ploughing.

  Cumin: full guide
• DiseaseCumin

  Alternaria blight (jhulsa)

  Signs · Brown to black spots on leaves and stems after cloudy, humid weather at flowering; tips droop and seeds stay empty.

  Manage · Avoid irrigating in cloudy weather. Spray mancozeb at first spots and repeat at 10–15 days if weather stays humid, as per label / your KVK.

  Cumin: full guide
• DiseaseCumin

  Powdery mildew (chhachhya)

  Signs · White powder on leaves, stems and umbels.

  Manage · Dusting or spraying wettable sulphur at first signs, as per label / your KVK.

  Cumin: full guide
• PestCumin

  Aphid (mahu)

  Signs · Insects on tender parts and umbels at flowering; plants weaken and seeds shrivel.

  Manage · Spray as per label / your KVK when colonies appear; spare bees by spraying in the afternoon.

  Cumin: full guide
• DisorderCumin

  Frost injury

  Signs · Flowers and young seeds blacken after a frosty night.

  Manage · Light irrigation (on clear nights) and smoke when frost is forecast.

  Cumin: full guide
• DiseaseFenugreek

  Powdery mildew

  Signs · White powdery patches on leaves and pods, worst in cloudy late winter.

  Manage · Grow tolerant RMt 305; spray wettable sulphur at first signs, as per label / your KVK.

  Fenugreek: full guide
• DiseaseFenugreek

  Root rot / wilt

  Signs · Plants yellow, wilt and dry; roots rotten and brown.

  Manage · Seed treatment with Trichoderma, good drainage and crop rotation.

  Fenugreek: full guide
• DiseaseFenugreek

  Downy mildew

  Signs · Yellow patches on top of leaves with grey growth underneath.

  Manage · Avoid dense sowing; spray as per label / your KVK.

  Fenugreek: full guide
• DiseaseFenugreek

  Cercospora leaf spot

  Signs · Small brown spots on leaves that later merge.

  Manage · Clean seed and rotation; fungicide only on KVK advice.

  Fenugreek: full guide
• PestFenugreek

  Aphid

  Signs · Insects on tender shoots and young pods; leaves curl.

  Manage · Neem oil spray at first colonies; insecticide as per label / your KVK.

  Fenugreek: full guide
• DiseaseBerseem

  Stem rot

  Signs · White cottony growth on stems near the ground in cold, humid weeks; plants rot in patches.

  Manage · Avoid over-irrigation and waterlogging, rotate crops, and remove rotten patches. Fungicide only on KVK advice.

  Berseem: full guide
• DiseaseBerseem

  Root rot

  Signs · Plants yellow and wilt; roots rotten.

  Manage · Good levelling and drainage; crop rotation.

  Berseem: full guide
• PestBerseem

  Caterpillars on the seed crop

  Signs · Green caterpillars eat flower heads and developing seed in March–April.

  Manage · Hand-pick where few; spray as per label / your KVK only on the seed crop — never on fodder you will feed.

  Berseem: full guide
• DisorderBerseem

  Poor nodulation (pale yellow crop)

  Signs · Plants stay pale and stunted; roots show few pink nodules.

  Manage · Use Rhizobium culture and enough phosphorus, especially in new fields.

  Berseem: full guide
• DisorderBerseem

  Bloat in animals (afara)

  Signs · Animals' left side swells after eating large amounts of young, wet berseem.

  Manage · Always mix berseem with dry straw (bhusa); don't feed freshly cut wet fodder alone to hungry animals.

  Berseem: full guide